Refactor code into classes

shuriken.yaml

@@ -8,3 +8,4 @@ default_target: linux
 targets:
   linux:
     output_file: rutile_game
+    cpp_flags_extra: -DDEBUG

src/app.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+module;
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+
+export module app;
+
+import config;
+import core.engine;
+import core.exceptions;
+import game.game;
+
+export
+{
+    class App
+    {
+        std::unique_ptr<core::Engine> engine_ = nullptr;
+        std::unique_ptr<game::Game> game_ = nullptr;
+
+        public:
+            App() = default;
+
+            // No copy operations
+            App(const App&) = delete;
+            App& operator=(const App&) = delete;
+
+            // Default move operations
+            App(App&&) = default;
+            App& operator=(App&&) = default;
+
+            ~App() = default;
+
+            SDL_AppResult initialize()
+            {
+                try {
+                    // Set SDL application metadata
+                    set_app_metadata(SDL_PROP_APP_METADATA_NAME_STRING, config::app_name);
+                    set_app_metadata(SDL_PROP_APP_METADATA_VERSION_STRING, config::app_version);
+                    set_app_metadata(SDL_PROP_APP_METADATA_IDENTIFIER_STRING, config::app_identifier);
+                    set_app_metadata(SDL_PROP_APP_METADATA_CREATOR_STRING, config::app_creator);
+                    set_app_metadata(SDL_PROP_APP_METADATA_COPYRIGHT_STRING, config::app_copyright);
+                    set_app_metadata(SDL_PROP_APP_METADATA_URL_STRING, config::app_url);
+                    set_app_metadata(SDL_PROP_APP_METADATA_TYPE_STRING, "game");
+
+                    // Initialize SDL subsystems
+                    if (!SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO | SDL_INIT_EVENTS)) {
+                        throw core::SDLException("SDL_Init");
+                    }
+
+                    engine_ = std::make_unique<core::Engine>();
+                    engine_->initialize();
+
+                    game_ = std::make_unique<game::Game>(*engine_);
+                    game_->initialize();
+                }
+                catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
+                    std::cerr << "Unhandled exception during initialization: " << e.what() << '\n';
+                    return SDL_APP_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
+            }
+
+            static void set_app_metadata(const char* property_name, const char* value)
+            {
+                if (!SDL_SetAppMetadataProperty(property_name, value)) {
+                    throw core::SDLException("SDL_SetAppMetadataProperty");
+                }
+            }
+
+            SDL_AppResult handle_event(const SDL_Event* event)
+            {
+                try {
+                    if (!engine_->handle_event(event)) {
+                        game_->handle_event(event);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
+                    std::cerr << "Unhandled exception during event handling: " << e.what() << '\n';
+                    return SDL_APP_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                return engine_->keep_running() ? SDL_APP_CONTINUE : SDL_APP_SUCCESS;
+            }
+
+            SDL_AppResult iterate()
+            {
+                try {
+                    engine_->update();
+                    game_->update();
+                    game_->render();
+                }
+                catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
+                    std::cerr << "Unhandled exception during updating: " << e.what() << '\n';
+                    return SDL_APP_FAILURE;
+                }
+
+                return engine_->keep_running() ? SDL_APP_CONTINUE : SDL_APP_SUCCESS;
+            }
+
+            void shutdown() const
+            {
+                engine_->shutdown();
+                game_->shutdown();
+            }
+    };
+}

src/config.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+module;
+
+#include <format>
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+#define DEBUG_BOOL true
+#else
+#define DEBUG_BOOL false
+#endif
+
+export module config;
+
+export namespace config
+{
+    constexpr auto debug = DEBUG_BOOL;
+
+    constexpr auto app_name = "Rutile Game Prototype";
+    constexpr auto app_version = "0.0.1-dev";
+    constexpr auto app_identifier = "dev.binarydiv.rutile_game";
+    constexpr auto app_creator = "binaryDiv";
+    constexpr auto app_copyright = "Copyright (c) 2025 binaryDiv";
+    constexpr auto app_url = "https://git.0xbd.space/binaryDiv/rutile-game";
+
+    constexpr auto window_width = 640;
+    constexpr auto window_height = 480;
+
+    constexpr auto get_window_title()
+    {
+        if constexpr (debug) {
+            return std::format("{} ({}) [DEBUG]", app_name, app_version);
+        }
+        else {
+            return std::format("{} ({})", app_name, app_version);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/core/engine.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+module;
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+
+export module core.engine;
+
+import config;
+import core.renderer;
+import core.window;
+
+export namespace core
+{
+    class Engine
+    {
+        // Whether this class is currently instantiated (to prevent multiple instances)
+        static bool instantiated_;
+
+        // If this is set to false, the application will exit
+        bool keep_running_ = true;
+
+        Window window_;
+        Renderer renderer_;
+
+        public:
+            Engine()
+            {
+                // Prevent the class from being instantiated multiple times
+                assert(!instantiated_);
+                instantiated_ = true;
+            }
+
+            // No copy operations
+            Engine(const Engine&) = delete;
+            Engine& operator=(const Engine&) = delete;
+
+            // Default move operations
+            Engine(Engine&&) = default;
+            Engine& operator=(Engine&&) = default;
+
+            ~Engine()
+            {
+                instantiated_ = false;
+            }
+
+            bool keep_running() const
+            {
+                return keep_running_;
+            }
+
+            Window& get_window()
+            {
+                return window_;
+            }
+
+            Renderer& get_renderer()
+            {
+                return renderer_;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Should this be moved to the constructor?
+            void initialize()
+            {
+                std::tie(window_, renderer_) = Window::create_window_and_renderer(
+                    config::get_window_title(),
+                    config::window_width,
+                    config::window_height,
+                    0
+                );
+            }
+
+            // Handles an SDL event. Returns true if the event has been handled.
+            bool handle_event(const SDL_Event* event)
+            {
+                if (event->type == SDL_EVENT_QUIT) {
+                    // Exit the application
+                    keep_running_ = false;
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            void update()
+            {
+            }
+
+            void shutdown()
+            {
+            }
+    };
+
+    bool Engine::instantiated_ = false;
+}

src/core/exceptions.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+module;
+
+#include <format>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+
+export module core.exceptions;
+
+export namespace core
+{
+    // Exception that wraps an SDL error (which SDL function caused the error, what's the error).
+    // SDL_GetError() is used in the constructor to get the error message unless specified explicitly.
+    class SDLException final : public std::runtime_error
+    {
+        public:
+            explicit SDLException(const std::string& sdl_func, const std::string& sdl_error)
+                : runtime_error(std::format("Error in SDL function {}: {}", sdl_func, sdl_error))
+            {}
+
+            explicit SDLException(const std::string& sdl_func)
+                : SDLException(sdl_func, SDL_GetError())
+            {}
+    };
+}

src/core/renderer.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+module;
+
+#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+
+export module core.renderer;
+
+export namespace core
+{
+    class Renderer
+    {
+        // TODO: Use unique_ptr with custom deleters
+        SDL_Renderer* sdl_renderer_ = nullptr;
+
+        public:
+            Renderer() = default;
+
+            explicit Renderer(SDL_Renderer* sdl_renderer)
+                : sdl_renderer_(sdl_renderer)
+            {}
+
+            // No copy operations
+            Renderer(const Renderer&) = delete;
+            Renderer& operator=(const Renderer&) = delete;
+
+            // Move constructor
+            Renderer(Renderer&& other) noexcept
+                : sdl_renderer_(other.sdl_renderer_)
+            {
+                other.sdl_renderer_ = nullptr;
+            }
+
+            // Move assignment
+            Renderer& operator=(Renderer&& other) noexcept
+            {
+                sdl_renderer_ = other.sdl_renderer_;
+                other.sdl_renderer_ = nullptr;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            ~Renderer()
+            {
+                if (sdl_renderer_ != nullptr) {
+                    SDL_DestroyRenderer(sdl_renderer_);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Remove this when not needed anymore
+            SDL_Renderer* get_sdl_renderer() const
+            {
+                return sdl_renderer_;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Rename clear/present to start_render/finish_render or similar?
+            void clear() const
+            {
+                SDL_RenderClear(sdl_renderer_);
+            }
+
+            void present() const
+            {
+                SDL_RenderPresent(sdl_renderer_);
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Replace SDL_Texture pointer with Texture class
+            // TODO: Also replace SDL_FRect with something SDL-independent (although for performance it might make sense
+            //  to just type-alias it?)
+            void render_texture(SDL_Texture* texture, const SDL_FRect* src_rect, const SDL_FRect* dest_rect) const
+            {
+                SDL_RenderTexture(sdl_renderer_, texture, src_rect, dest_rect);
+            }
+    };
+}

src/core/window.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+module;
+
+#include <string>
+#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+
+export module core.window;
+
+import core.exceptions;
+import core.renderer;
+
+export namespace core
+{
+    class Window
+    {
+        // TODO: Use unique_ptr with custom deleters
+        SDL_Window* sdl_window_ = nullptr;
+
+        public:
+            Window() = default;
+
+            explicit Window(SDL_Window* sdl_window)
+                : sdl_window_(sdl_window)
+            {}
+
+            // No copy operations
+            Window(const Window&) = delete;
+            Window& operator=(const Window&) = delete;
+
+            // Move constructor
+            Window(Window&& other) noexcept
+                : sdl_window_(other.sdl_window_)
+            {
+                other.sdl_window_ = nullptr;
+            }
+
+            // Move assignment
+            Window& operator=(Window&& other) noexcept
+            {
+                sdl_window_ = other.sdl_window_;
+                other.sdl_window_ = nullptr;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            ~Window()
+            {
+                if (sdl_window_ != nullptr) {
+                    SDL_DestroyWindow(sdl_window_);
+                }
+            }
+
+            static std::pair<Window, Renderer> create_window_and_renderer(
+                const std::string& title,
+                const int width,
+                const int height,
+                const SDL_WindowFlags window_flags
+            )
+            {
+                SDL_Window* sdl_window = nullptr;
+                SDL_Renderer* sdl_renderer = nullptr;
+
+                if (!SDL_CreateWindowAndRenderer(
+                    title.c_str(), width, height, window_flags, &sdl_window, &sdl_renderer
+                )) {
+                    throw SDLException("SDL_CreateWindowAndRenderer");
+                }
+
+                return {Window{sdl_window}, Renderer{sdl_renderer}};
+            }
+    };
+}

src/game/game.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+module;
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+
+export module game.game;
+
+import core.engine;
+import core.renderer;
+import game.sprite;
+
+export namespace game
+{
+    class Game
+    {
+        core::Engine& engine_;
+
+        // Sprite for testing
+        std::unique_ptr<Sprite> sprite_ = nullptr;
+
+        public:
+            Game() = delete;
+
+            explicit Game(core::Engine& engine)
+                : engine_(engine)
+            {}
+
+            // No copy operations
+            Game(const Game&) = delete;
+            Game& operator=(const Game&) = delete;
+
+            // No move operations - TODO?
+            Game(Game&&) = delete;
+            Game& operator=(Game&&) = delete;
+
+            ~Game() = default;
+
+            void initialize()
+            {
+                sprite_ = std::make_unique<Sprite>(engine_.get_renderer(), "assets/neocat.png", 100, 100);
+            }
+
+            // Handles an SDL event. Returns true if the event has been handled.
+            bool handle_event(const SDL_Event* event) const
+            {
+                if (event->type == SDL_EVENT_MOUSE_MOTION) {
+                    sprite_->move(
+                        event->motion.x - 50,
+                        event->motion.y - 50
+                    );
+                    return true;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            void update()
+            {
+            }
+
+            void render() const
+            {
+                const auto& renderer = engine_.get_renderer();
+                renderer.clear();
+                sprite_->draw(renderer);
+                renderer.present();
+            }
+
+            void shutdown()
+            {
+            }
+    };
+}

src/game/sprite.cppm

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+module;
+
+#include <string>
+#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
+#include <SDL3_image/SDL_image.h>
+
+export module game.sprite;
+
+import core.exceptions;
+import core.renderer;
+
+// TODO: Move this to a different namespace (core, drawing, ...?)
+export namespace game
+{
+    class Sprite
+    {
+        // TODO: Move texture to separate class
+        SDL_Texture* sdl_texture;
+        SDL_FRect dest_rect{0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+        public:
+            explicit Sprite(
+                core::Renderer& renderer,
+                const std::string& filename,
+                const int width,
+                const int height
+            )
+            {
+                SDL_Surface* texture_surface = IMG_Load(filename.c_str());
+                if (texture_surface == nullptr) {
+                    throw core::SDLException("IMG_Load");
+                }
+
+                sdl_texture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(renderer.get_sdl_renderer(), texture_surface);
+                SDL_DestroySurface(texture_surface);
+
+                if (sdl_texture == nullptr) {
+                    throw core::SDLException("SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface");
+                }
+
+                dest_rect.w = static_cast<float>(width);
+                dest_rect.h = static_cast<float>(height);
+            }
+
+            // Don't allow copy operations
+            Sprite(const Sprite&) = delete;
+            Sprite& operator=(const Sprite&) = delete;
+
+            // Move constructor
+            Sprite(Sprite&& other) noexcept
+                : sdl_texture(other.sdl_texture),
+                  dest_rect(other.dest_rect)
+            {
+                other.sdl_texture = nullptr;
+            }
+
+            // Move assignment
+            Sprite& operator=(Sprite&& other) noexcept
+            {
+                // Move inner resources from other
+                sdl_texture = other.sdl_texture;
+                dest_rect = other.dest_rect;
+
+                // Reset other to make it safe for deletion
+                other.sdl_texture = nullptr;
+
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            ~Sprite()
+            {
+                if (sdl_texture != nullptr) {
+                    SDL_DestroyTexture(sdl_texture);
+                }
+            }
+
+            void move(const float x, const float y)
+            {
+                dest_rect.x = x;
+                dest_rect.y = y;
+            }
+
+            void draw(const core::Renderer& renderer) const
+            {
+                renderer.render_texture(sdl_texture, nullptr, &dest_rect);
+            }
+    };
+}

src/main.cpp

@@ -1,27 +1,30 @@
-import sdl_app;
+import app;
 
 #define SDL_MAIN_USE_CALLBACKS
 #include <SDL3/SDL_main.h>
 
-SDL_AppResult SDL_AppInit(void** appstate, int /*argc*/, char** /*argv*/)
+SDL_AppResult SDL_AppInit(void** appstate, const int /*argc*/, char** /*argv*/)
 {
-    *appstate = new AppState;
+    auto* app = new App;
-    return sdl_app_init(static_cast<AppState*>(*appstate));
+    *appstate = app;
-}
+    return app->initialize();
-
-SDL_AppResult SDL_AppIterate(void* appstate)
-{
-    return sdl_app_iterate(static_cast<AppState*>(appstate));
 }
 
 SDL_AppResult SDL_AppEvent(void* appstate, SDL_Event* event)
 {
-    return sdl_app_event(static_cast<AppState*>(appstate), event);
+    auto* app = static_cast<App*>(appstate);
+    return app->handle_event(event);
 }
 
-void SDL_AppQuit(void* appstate, SDL_AppResult /*result*/)
+SDL_AppResult SDL_AppIterate(void* appstate)
 {
-    const auto* game_app_state = static_cast<AppState*>(appstate);
+    auto* app = static_cast<App*>(appstate);
-    sdl_app_shutdown(game_app_state);
+    return app->iterate();
-    delete game_app_state;
+}
+
+void SDL_AppQuit(void* appstate, const SDL_AppResult /*result*/)
+{
+    auto* app = static_cast<App*>(appstate);
+    app->shutdown();
+    delete app;
 }

src/sdl_app.cppm

@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-module;
-
-#include <iostream>
-#include <string>
-#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
-
-export module sdl_app;
-
-import sprite;
-
-export {
-    struct AppState
-    {
-        SDL_Window* window = nullptr;
-        SDL_Renderer* renderer = nullptr;
-        Sprite* sprite = nullptr;
-    };
-
-    SDL_AppResult sdl_panic(
-        const std::string& error_prefix,
-        SDL_Window* window = nullptr,
-        SDL_Renderer* renderer = nullptr
-    )
-    {
-        std::cerr << error_prefix << ": " << SDL_GetError() << '\n';
-
-        if (renderer != nullptr) {
-            SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        }
-        if (window != nullptr) {
-            SDL_DestroyWindow(window);
-        }
-
-        SDL_Quit();
-        return SDL_APP_FAILURE;
-    }
-
-    SDL_AppResult sdl_app_init(AppState* app_state)
-    {
-        if (!SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO | SDL_INIT_EVENTS)) {
-            return sdl_panic("SDL_Init error");
-        }
-
-        app_state->window = SDL_CreateWindow("BuildSystemTest", 640, 480, 0);
-        if (app_state->window == nullptr) {
-            return sdl_panic("SDL_CreateWindow error");
-        }
-
-        app_state->renderer = SDL_CreateRenderer(app_state->window, nullptr);
-        if (app_state->renderer == nullptr) {
-            return sdl_panic("SDL_CreateRenderer error", app_state->window);
-        }
-
-        try {
-            app_state->sprite = new Sprite(app_state->renderer, "assets/neocat.png", 100, 100);
-        }
-        catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
-            return sdl_panic(e.what(), app_state->window, app_state->renderer);
-        }
-
-        return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
-    }
-
-    SDL_AppResult sdl_app_event(const AppState* app_state, const SDL_Event* event)
-    {
-        if (event->type == SDL_EVENT_QUIT) {
-            return SDL_APP_SUCCESS;
-        }
-
-        if (event->type == SDL_EVENT_MOUSE_MOTION) {
-            app_state->sprite->move(
-                event->motion.x - 50,
-                event->motion.y - 50
-            );
-        }
-
-        return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
-    }
-
-    SDL_AppResult sdl_app_iterate(const AppState* app_state)
-    {
-        SDL_RenderClear(app_state->renderer);
-        app_state->sprite->render(app_state->renderer);
-        SDL_RenderPresent(app_state->renderer);
-
-        return SDL_APP_CONTINUE;
-    }
-
-    void sdl_app_shutdown(const AppState* app_state)
-    {
-        delete app_state->sprite;
-        SDL_DestroyRenderer(app_state->renderer);
-        SDL_DestroyWindow(app_state->window);
-    }
-}

src/sprite.cppm

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-module;
-
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <string>
-#include <SDL3/SDL.h>
-#include <SDL3_image/SDL_image.h>
-
-export module sprite;
-
-export class Sprite
-{
-    SDL_Texture* sdl_texture;
-    SDL_FRect dest_rect{0, 0, 0, 0};
-
-    public:
-        explicit Sprite(
-            SDL_Renderer* renderer,
-            const std::string& filename,
-            const int width,
-            const int height
-        )
-        {
-            SDL_Surface* texture_surface = IMG_Load(filename.c_str());
-            if (texture_surface == nullptr) {
-                throw std::runtime_error("IMG_Load error");
-            }
-
-            sdl_texture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(renderer, texture_surface);
-            SDL_DestroySurface(texture_surface);
-
-            if (sdl_texture == nullptr) {
-                throw std::runtime_error("SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface error");
-            }
-
-            dest_rect.w = static_cast<float>(width);
-            dest_rect.h = static_cast<float>(height);
-        }
-
-        // Don't allow copy operations
-        Sprite(const Sprite&) = delete;
-        Sprite& operator=(const Sprite&) = delete;
-
-        // Move constructor
-        Sprite(Sprite&& other) noexcept
-            : sdl_texture(other.sdl_texture),
-              dest_rect(other.dest_rect)
-        {
-            other.sdl_texture = nullptr;
-        }
-
-        // Move assignment
-        Sprite& operator=(Sprite&& other) noexcept
-        {
-            // Move inner resources from other
-            sdl_texture = other.sdl_texture;
-            dest_rect = other.dest_rect;
-
-            // Reset other to make it safe for deletion
-            other.sdl_texture = nullptr;
-
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        ~Sprite()
-        {
-            if (sdl_texture != nullptr) {
-                SDL_DestroyTexture(sdl_texture);
-            }
-        }
-
-        void move(const float x, const float y)
-        {
-            dest_rect.x = x;
-            dest_rect.y = y;
-        }
-
-        void render(SDL_Renderer* renderer) const
-        {
-            SDL_RenderTexture(renderer, sdl_texture, nullptr, &dest_rect);
-        }
-};